CABLE TELEVISION

A. OBJECTIVES

1. Determining output attenuation of modulator before being distributed to the customers.
2. Determining amount of attenuation along the channel.
3. Knowing the strengthening of the cable television amplifier.

B. EQUIPMENT USED
1 Spectrum Analyzer
1 3 Channel Modulator

 2 Connectors of  Matching Impedance 75 ohm

1 Television
1 Connecting Cable 75 ohm (+/- 2 m)
1 Coaxial Cable RG-59 75 ohm (+/- 140 m)

1 N male to BNC female Connector
1 Amplifier

1 Splitter

C.    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 D.    BASIC THEORY
Head End
End provides event signals (programs) for all of channels. Local and faraway broadcasting were captured by an antenna mounted on the top of very high tower in order to extend the limit distance of view. These signals can be distributed as their home channel number or be heterodyned into different channel frequencies.
Cable television headend is a master facility for receiving television signals for processing and distribution over a cable television system. The headend facility is normally unstaffed and surrounded by some type of security fencing and is typically a building or large shed housing electronic equipment used to receive and re-transmit video over the local cable infrastructure. One can also find head ends in power line communication (PLC) substations and Internet communications networks.

Reception
The cable TV headend will normally have several large C-Band FSS-type television receive-only satellite television dishes for reception of cable/satellite TV networks. A dedicated, non-movable dish is required for each satellite that the cable TV utility wishes to receive cable channels from for distribution over its system. For reception of signals from several adjacent satellites, a larger non-parabolic multi-satellite dish (such as the Simulsat) that can see up to 3 or more satellites is often used. Many digital cable systems use services like HITS ("Headend in the Sky"), a unit of Comcast, which carry hundreds of channels on just a few satellites; this is commonly used by small systems to expand service without adding expensive new dishes or other equipment
Most cable TV systems also carry local over-the-air television networks for distribution. Since each terrestrial channel represents a defined frequency, a dedicated commercial-grade receiving antenna is needed for each channel that the cable company wishes to receive and distribute. Smaller systems may use a broadband antenna to share several channels. These antenna are often built into a single tower structure called a master antenna television structure. Commercial TV pre-amplifiers strengthen the weakened terrestrial TV signals for distribution.
Some cable TV systems receive the local television stations' programming by dedicated coaxial, microwave link or fiber-optic line, installed between the local station and the headend. A device called a modulator at the local station's facilities feed their programming over this line to the cable TV headend, which in turn receives it with another device called a demodulator. It is then distributed through the cable TV headend to subscribers. This is usually more reliable than receiving the local stations' broadcasts over the air with an antenna. However, off-air reception is used as a backup by the headend in case of failure. In some cases systems receive local channels by satellite.
Other sources of programming include those delivered via fiber optics, telephone wires, the Internet, microwave towers and local community access channels that are sent to the cable headend on an upstream frequency over the cable system itself (known in the industry as "T"-channels), or via a dedicated line set up by the cable company, as mentioned earlier for reception of local television stations' programming by the headend.

Signal processing
Once a television signal is received, it must be processed. For digital satellite TV signals, a dedicated commercial satellite receiver such as a GI DSR4400X or a Scientific Atlanta/PowerVu satellite receiver is needed for each channel that is to be distributed by the cable system; these are usually rack-mountable receivers that are designed to take up less space than consumer receivers. They output Video and stereo audio signals as well as a digital signal for digital plants.
Analog terrestrial TV signals require a processor which is a RF receiver that outputs Video and Audio. In some cases the processor will include a built-in modulator.
Digital terrestrial TV signals require a special digital processor.
Digital channels are usually received on an L band QAM stream from a satellite, which uses multiplexing. Using special receivers such as the Motorola MPS, the signal can be demultiplexed or "Demuxed" to extract specific channels from the multiplexed signal. At this point, local insertion may be performed to add content specifically targeted to the local geographic area.

Modulation
Cable television signals are then mixed in accordance with the cable system's channel numbering scheme using a series of cable modulators (one for each channel), which is in turn fed into a frequency multiplexer or signal combiner. The mixed signals are them sent into a broadband amplifier and then sent into the cable system by the trunk line and continuously re-amplified as needed.
Modulators essentially take an input signal and attach it to a specific frequency. For example in North America, NTSC standards dictate that CH2 is a 6 MHz wide channel with its luminance carrier at 55.25 MHz, so the modulator for channel 2 will impose the appropriate input signal on to the 55.25 MHz frequency to be received by any TV tuned to Channel 2.
Digital channels are modulated as well; however, instead of each channel being modulated on to a specific frequency, multiple digital channels are modulated on to one specific NTSC frequency. Using QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), a CATV operator can place usually up to eight channels on one specific frequency so channel 2 may actually be carrying channels 2-10 in your city. STBs (Set top boxes) or CableCards are required to receive these digital signals and are provided by the cable operator themselves.

Cables Distribution
The losses frequency in coaxial cables are high, especially those are working in the super frequency from cable TV. However, the losses of channel were offset by using a radio frequency amplifier (RF amplifier) with a wide field of frequency placed along the cable network as shown in Figure 2.3.
Main channel of the distribution systems is trunk. From this main line, the branch cables were extended to the groups of customers. Channel for each customer is called drop.
Each trunk channel amplifier has same strengthening with channel loss for the distance between amplifier. Its typical value is 40 dB, or strengthening of the voltage is 100.
The plant normally consists of trunk lines that run from one distribution amplifier to the next. Feed lines run from a bridge amplifier inside the distribution amplifier to the drops that are placed in front of each house. From the drop a coax runs to each home. Unused taps on the drop are normally terminated with anti-theft terminators. To extend the feed lines even further line extenders are used which are small amplifiers. Some small systems have been built without trunk lines using only line extenders every few hundred feet.

Block diagram ‘distribution system of cable television’

E.    EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Before doing the test, calibration must be done first to the Spectrum Analyzer. After that, the test of  output modulator can be started.
Note: For each test, before being connected to the Spectrum Analyzer will be better if using matching impedance from 75 ohm to 50 ohm (attenuation 7,8 dB).
For measurement of each TP, do not connect the entire system that will be measured. For example, only the modulator installed at the measurements of TP1, only modulator and roll cable in TP2, and so on.

1. Measure and draw frequency spectrum at the measurement point (TP1) to see the output signal level of modulator on each channel. In this test, using coaxial cable 75ohm (±2 m) with block diagram shown as below : 

 

2. Repeat the test using a long cable (+/- 150 m) at TP2, with block diagram shown as below. Draw the frequency spectrum and determine its level. How many attenuation dB that occurred on the cable. 

 

3. Repeat testing for TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6, and TP7 as in steps 1 and 2.

Determine the strengthening of amplifier, cable attenuation, attenuation at splitter in each port.

4. Repeat for TP 2 and TP 4  with moving the cable roll.

F.    RESULT
Reference Frequency

 

REF 90 dBμ        CF 0 Mhz            2 Mhz/DIV

BW 100 Khz        CP1 ΔF+0.08 Mhz        ΔV 0.0 dB   
 

TP 1

REF 90 dBμ        CF 467 Mhz            2 Mhz/DIV
BW 100 Khz        CP1 ΔF+2.96 Mhz        ΔV -14.8 dB

TP 2

REF 90 dBμ        CF 467 Mhz            2 Mhz/DIV
BW 100 Khz        CP1 ΔF+3.12 Mhz        ΔV -16.0 dB


TP 3

REF 90 dBμ        CF 466 Mhz            2 Mhz/DIV
BW 100 Khz        CP1 ΔF+3.52 Mhz        ΔV -38.8 dB

TP 4

REF 90 dBμ        CF 467 Mhz            2 Mhz/DIV
BW 100 Khz        CP1 ΔF+2.80 Mhz        ΔV -32.4 dB


TP 5, 6, 7

REF 90 dBμ        CF 499 Mhz            2 Mhz/DIV
BW 100 Khz        CP1 ΔF+2.80 Mhz        ΔV -28.0 dB

G. DATA ANALYSIS
Coaxial cable used in cable distribution system for cable wrapping and taking minimize radiation interference signal. Impedance which is owned by an infinite length of cable is Z0. End of channel in Zo generates maximum power transfer to the load. In the cable each of channel does not have standing waves and reflections. Zo standard in television is 75 ohm. In this experiment, the output of the modulation that enter through the coaxial cable will slowdown, then amplified by an amplifier. After that, it channeled back into the coaxial cable so that its output is not too much because it was collaborated with attenuation amplifier. Output of the coaxial cable inserted into the power splitter used by some televisions. But in practice no part of attenuation obtained because of limited tools and measuring devices are also damaged.

H. CONCLUSION
      1. Output of the coaxial cable will be attenuated
      2. Attenuation due to cable amplified using the amplifier
      3. To use only one channel for some televisions using power splitter

COMPOSITE VIDEO

Objectives:

1.1 Getting to know the basic composite video.

1.2 Measuring composite video and voltage.

1.3 Determining the parameters of composite video.

Equipment  In Used:

1 VCD / VTR

1 Oscilloscope 40 MHz and passive probe

An RCA cable connector - BNC (75 Ω) 

Circuit diagram:

Introduction:

Composite video is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier.

Composite video is often designated by the CVBS initialism, meaning "Composite Video, Blanking, and Sync."

It is usually in standard formats such as NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. It is a composite of three source signals called Y, U and V (together referred to as YUV) with sync pulses. Y represents the brightness or luminance of the picture and includes synchronizing pulses, so that by itself it could be displayed as a monochrome picture. U and V represent hue and saturation or chrominance; between them they carry the color information. They are first modulated on two orthogonal phases of a color carrier signal to form a signal called the chrominance. Y and UV are then combined. Since Y is a baseband signal and UV has been mixed with a carrier, this addition is equivalent to frequency-division multiplexing.

Composite video can easily be directed to any broadcast channel simply by modulating the proper RF carrier frequency with it. Most analog home video equipment records a signal in (roughly) composite format: LaserDiscs store a true composite signal, while VHS tapes use a slightly modified composite signal. These devices then give the user the option of outputting the raw signal, or modulating it onto a VHF or UHF frequency to appear on a selected TV channel. In typical home applications, the composite video signal is typically connected using an RCA jack (called a phono plug in the UK), normally yellow (often accompanied with red and white for right and left audio channels respectively). BNC connectors and higher quality co-axial cable are often used in more professional applications.

In Europe, SCART connections are often used instead of RCA jacks (and to a lesser extent, S-Video), so where available, RGB is used instead of composite video with computers, video game consoles, and DVD players.

Some devices that connect to a TV, such as VCRs, older video game consoles and home computers of the 1980s, naturally output a composite signal. This may then be converted to RF with an external box known as an RF modulator that generates the proper carrier (often for channel 3 or 4 in North America, channel 36 in Europe). Sometimes this modulator was built into the product (such as video game consoles, VCRs, or the Atari, Commodore, or TRS-80 CoCo home-computers) and sometimes it was an external unit powered by the computer (in the case of the TI-99 or some Apple modulators) or with an independent power supply. In the USA, using an external RF modulator frees the manufacturer from obtaining FCC approval for each variation of a device. Through the early-1980s, electronics that output a television channel signal were required to meet the same shielding requirements as broadcast television equipment, thus forcing manufactures such as Apple to omit an RF modulator, and Texas Instruments to have their RF modulator as an external unit, which they had certified by the FCC without mentioning they were planning to sell it with a computer. In Europe, while most countries used the same broadcast standard, there were different modulation standards (PAL-G versus PAL-I, for example), and using an external modulator allowed manufactures to make a single product and easily sell it to different countries by changing the modulator.

The argument has been made that the point of removing the RF modulator to an external box was to prevent RF interference with the home computers, but as the modulator ran in the range of >50MHz in all countries, and the computers ran in the range of 1-4MHz, the possibility of significant interference is debatable, and on a 5V TTL logic computer, it is hard for the weak output of an RF modulator to cause interference. Since the RF modulator was sealed inside a metal can (though more to protect it from the computer noise), there was little RF to interfere with the computer. Finally, the same interference would propagate down the composite video cable or the power lead cable into the computer in any case.

The process of modulating RF with the original video signal, and then demodulating the original signal again in the TV, introduces several losses. RF is also "noisy" because of all of the video and radio signals already being broadcast, so this conversion also typically adds noise or interference to the signal as well. For these reasons, it is typically best to use composite connections instead of RF connections if possible. Almost all modern video equipment has at least composite connectors, so this typically isn't a problem; however, older video equipment and some very low-end modern televisions have only RF input (essentially the antenna jack); while RF modulators are no longer common, they are still widely available to translate baseband signals for older equipment.

However, just as the modulation and demodulation of RF loses quality, the mixing of the various signals into the original composite signal does the same, causing a checkerboard video artifact known as dot crawl. Dot crawl is an infamous defect that results from crosstalk due to the intermodulation of the chrominance and luminance components of the signal. This is usually seen when chrominance is transmitted with a high bandwidth, and its spectrum reaches into the band of the luminance frequencies. This has led to a proliferation of systems such as S-Video and component video to maintain the signals separately. Comb filters are also commonly used to separate signals, and eliminate artifacts, from composite sources.

When used for connecting a video source to a video display that supports both 4:3 and 16:9 display formats, the PAL television standard provides for signalling pulses that will automatically switch the display from one format to the other. The Composite video connection supports this operation. However the NTSC television standard has no such provision, and thus the display must be manually switched.

Composite Video Signal Construction

 

Composite video signal containing variations of the camera signal (image information), blanking pulses (blanking), and synchronization pulses (sync).

Figure 1 Three sets of composite video signal is a variation of the camera signal, blanking pulses, and synchronizing pulses.   (A) camera signals (image information) to a single horizontal line, (b) H blanking pulse signal is added to the camera, (c) Toll-alignment of H added to the pulse discharge. 

Figure 2 composite video signals for two horizontal lines 

In figure 2, the amplitude of voltage and current are shown sequentially for MRV two horizontal lines in the shadows, as time increases horizontal direction, the amplitude is changed to white shade, gray, or black in the picture. Starting from the far left at time zero, the signal at the level of white and MRV file located on the left image (the image). Once the first line from left to right, found different cameras with different amplitude signal corresponding to image information is required. After trace (trace) horizontal camera produces the desired signal for one line, MRV file located on the right image (image). Then the discharge pulse is inserted in order to restore the video signal amplitude to the top to the black level, so that the loop trail can be left empty.

After emptying time long enough to cover the trail repetition, emptying the voltage is removed. Then file located on the left, ready to cruise back  next line. In this way each horizontal line forth  respectively. Note that the second line shows the dark image information near the black level.

With regard to time, the amplitude of the signal-amplitude right after emptying in Figure 2 shows the information in accordance with the left side at the start line of cruise back. Just before discharge, the signal variation corresponds to the right side. Appropriate information in the middle line of cruise back  is half the time between discharge pulses. 

Figure 3. Details of horizontal blanking and synchronizing pulses.

Details of the horizontal blanking period as figure 3. Intervals marked H is the time required to cruise back a complete line including tracking and loop trail 

 

Figure 4. Details of the alignment pulses and discharge for successive fields within cruise back vertical.

Pulse-Pulse Alignment in Time Decommissioning V

 

Sync pulses are inserted in the composite video signal during vertical blanking pulse width shown in Figure 4. This includes pulses to equalize, pulses vertical alignment and horizontal alignment of multiple pulses. Signal-signal is shown at intervals of time at the end of the field and the next one, to describe what happens during the vertical blanking time Both signals are shown one above the other are the same, except for half-line shift between successive fields are required for MRV intertwined odd lines.

Starting from the left in Figure 4, the fourth-last line of MRV horizontal raster shown on the basis of joint discharge pulses and horizontal alignment is needed. Immediately after following the last visible line, the video signal is made into the black by the vertical blanking pulse in preparation for the repetition of vertical trace.

Vertical blanking period begins with a group of six pulses cruise back, which separate the half-line intervals. Next is the vertical alignment pulse produces real jagged vertical flyback in a series of  cruise back. Serration also occur at intervals of half a line. Thus, a complete vertical alignment pulse width is three lines. Following the vertical alignment is a another group of six pulse equation and a series of horizontal pulses.

During the vertical blanking period as a whole, there is no information on the resulting image, because the signal level is black or blacker than black so that the repetition of vertical traces can be left empty.

In a signal at the summit, the first pulse is a full line of credit beyond the previous horizontal alignment; in signals below for the next field, the first pulse is as far as half a line. The difference this time and a half lines between the even fields and odd continues through all subsequent pulses, so that the pulses of the vertical alignment for successive fields MRV interwoven set time for the odd lines.

Decommissioning & Cruise back V and V (V Blanking and V Scanning)

 

Serrated vertical sync pulses that force the vertical deflection circuit to start the flyback. However, the flyback generally will not begin with the start of vertical alignment because the alignment must build a toll-charge in a capacitor in order to trigger circuits & cruise back. Jika kita asumsikan bahwa flyback vertikal dimulai dengan pinggiran leading dari gerigi ketiga, maka waktu dari satu garis berlalu selama penyelarasan vertikal sebelum flyback dimulai. If we assume a vertical flyback starts by leading edge serration of the three, then the elapsed time of one line for the vertical alignment before the flyback starts. Juga enam pulsa untuk menyamakan yang sama dengan tiga garis terjadi sebelum penyelarasan vertikal. Also six pulses to equalize the same with the three lines before the vertical alignment. So 3 + 1 = 4 lines left blank at the bottom of the image, right before the vertical loop trail begins.

How much time is required for the flyback depend on cruise back, but the repetition time of a typical vertical traces are 5 lines. Once the loop trail cruise back file from the bottom to the top of raster, produced five complete horizontal lines. Repetition vertical trail can be completed with ease during vertical blanking time.

With 4 lines left blank at the base before the flyback and 5 lines emptied during flyback, 12 garis tersisa dari total 21 selama selama pengosongan vertikal. 12 remaining lines of the total 21 during during vertical blanking. The 12 blank lines are located on top of raster on the surface tracking down a vertical direction.

In summary, 4 lines left blank at the bottom and 12 on the top line in each field. Cruise back lines generated during vertical tracking, but that made black by the vertical blanking, forming black rods at the top and the bottom of the image.

High image is slightly reduced by the discharge, compared with a raster that is not emptied. However, height can be fixed easily by enlarging the amplitude of the sawtooth waveform for vertical & Cruise back.

Experimental Procedure:

1. 1.  Set-up equipment as shown above, connect the video out VCR / VCD with CRO input.

2. 2. ON the instrument.

3. 3. Set the appropriate CRO to be easily observed (use MODE switch on the TV-H position and / or TV-V, in    accordance with the observed images.)

When seeing a wave of horizontal synchronization MODE switch put on the TV-H position, while to see a wave of vertical sync put the MODE switch on the TV-V position.

4. 4. Observe and picture synchronization pulses and horizontal blanking, vertical blanking pulse, the front porch and rear, and image information.

5. 5. Image of the wave forms and determine the voltage.

Question:

1. 1. What is the frequency of horizontal sync and vertical sync?

2. 2. What system is used in the video?

 EXPERIMENT RESULTS:

Ø              Horizontal

·         Synchronization  :  3 volt

·         Blanking               :  2,2 volt

·         V / Div                  :  1 V

·         T / Div                  :  5 µs 

     

          Vertikal

·         Synchronization  :  3 volt

·         Blanking               :  2,2 volt

·         V / Div                  :  1 V

·         T / Div                  :  5 µs

DATA ANALYSIS

From the picture above we can see the contrast difference from the same side of the horizontal and vertical. And also on evacuation signal is also the same size. And the result of data obtained during alignment 3 volts and also at the time of discharge voltage value 2, which both serve targeted value obtained from TV-horizontal and TV-vertical.
For the front porch value magnitude is 0.2 volts, to the back porch voltage values measured at 3.5 volts while the voltage value information signal measured is 4.3 volts.

CONCLUSION

• Comprises a composite video signal consisting of variations of image information, pulse blanking (blanking), and pulse synchronization, each based on a function of time.

VIDEO CAMERA

1. OBJECTIVE

1.1         Getting to know the video camera.

1.2         Measuring the composite video on a video camera.

1.3         Determining the parameters of composite video.

2. EQUIPMENT USED

a.    1 Video Camera

b.    1 Oscilloscope 40 MHz and passive probe

c.    1 RCA-BNC cable connector (75 W)

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4. BASIC THEORY

Video signal

The composite monochrome video signal (CVS) is composed of a video signal superimposed on an auxiliary signal of 300 mV. The levels between 0 to 300 mV are assigned for the auxiliary signal and the levels between 300 to 1000 mV are assigned to video information.

Modulation

In analogue broadcasting the composite video signal modulates the carrier by a type of amplitude modulation named VSB. The polarity of the modulation is negative, i.e., higher the level of the CVS, lower the level of the RF signal. If the level of CVS is 0 volt the level of the RF signal is % 100. The modulation index is so arranged that, the maximum level of CVS yields a RF level of  % 10 (sometimes  % 12.5). This value is known as the level of the residual carrier. If the modulation index yields more than % 10 for maximum level input (high residual carrier), the efficiency of the transmission drops, i.e., low contrast. On the other hand, if the RF level is below % 10 (low residual carrier), aural and visual signals begin to interfere each other. So it is important to keep %10 for 1000 mV input.

Measurement

Left: Input CVS (1000 mV., sawtooth) – Right: Demodulated output with zero ref pulse

To adjust the modulation index, an input of maximum level CVS (1000 mV) is applied to the modulator. The modulated RF signal is than applied to a professional TV receiver . The receiver has a facility to switch off RF for a short interval in each consecutive line. So during this interval, modulation ratio is effectively 0 %. The interruption on all lines in a frame is observed as a vertical white bar on a visual monitor. This bar is named as 0 reference pulse (or simply 0 pulse). The oscillogram of the 0 pulse is a pulse with a level more than the maximum level of the CVS. Taking the level difference between the sync tip and the 0 pulse as % 100, the maximum CVS should be 10 % or 12.5 %. The adjustment of the modulation index is simply the level adjustment of the modulating signal at the input of the modulator.

 A comprehensive idea of a TV camera function is illustrated in Figure 3-2 and 3-3. In Figure 3-2 the camera is aimed at scene / view so that the optical image can be focused on the target plate of tube makers (pick-up tube). If you look inside, you'll see the shadow-optical. The resulting video signal is shown by the oscilloscope waveform in the bottom left of the picture. Above is a monitor oscilloscope, which shows a reproduced image.

Figure 3-3. Block diagram that shows how a television camera dispense the output composit video signal. Here not shown the reflection and focusing the camera tube.

Details of the video signal waveform which is more fully shown by the block diagram in Figure 3-3. At first, the blanking pulses added to the camera signal. They cause the signal amplitude to the black levels so retrace the MRV will not be visible. Further, the alignment pulses (sync) is inserted. Alignment (synchronization) is required to set the time of MRV horizontal and vertical.

Camera signal with blanking and synchronization (sync) is called a composite video signal. Sometimes the term video signal which is not a composite (noncompoxite video signal) is used to identify the camera signal with blanking but without alignment. Standard output level of the composite video signal from the camera is 1V peak-to-peak (pp = peak to peak) with the alignment pulses in the down position for negative polarity.

5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Set-up devices such as a picture above, connect the video camera out with input CRO.
2.  ON the instrument.
3. Set the appropriate CRO to be easily observed (MODE on the TV-H position and / or TV-V). When seeing a wave of horizontal synchronization put MODE switch on the TV-H position, while to see a wave of vertical sync put the MODE switch on the TV-V position.
4. Specify the synchronization pulses, blanking pulses, front and back porch, and image information.
5. Image of the wave form and specify voltage.

6. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

a.    When the MODE swith on the TV-H position

T / div    = 20 ms x 6,4

        = 128 ms

V / div    = 0,2 mV x 4,6

             = 0,92 mV

b.    When the MODE swith on the TV-V position

T / div    = 20 ms x 3,2

= 64 ms

V / div     = 0,2 mV x 3

              = 0,6 mV

c.    Picture of information signal

T / div    = 20 ms x 6,4

= 128

V / div    = 0,2 mV x 6

             = 1,2 mV

d.    Picture of synchronization signal

e.    Horizontal Blanking Pulses

f.     Front Porch

g.    Back Porch

7. CONCLUSION

a.    Camera signal with blanking and synchronization (sync) is called a composite video signal, it combines the brightness information (luma), the color information (chroma), and the synchronizing signals on just one cable.

b.    In video camera, the blanking pulses added to the camera signal which causes the signal amplitude to the black levels so retrace the MRV will not be visible.

c.    The parameters of composite video are :

·         Information Signal (Luminance)

·         Horizontal Blanking Pulse

·         Vertical Blanking Pulse

·         Horizontal Synchronization Pulse

·         Vertical Synchronization Pulse

·         Burst Pulse

d.    In video camera, the alignment pulses (sync) is inserted that is required to set the time of MRV horizontal and vertical.

e.    Amplitude from the switch mode in TV-V = 0,6 mV  while the switch mode in TV-H = 0,92 mV.